Papillomaviruses are “naked” viruses made of a protein layer surrounding DNA-like genetic material. Human papillomavirus (HPV) affects the skin and mucous membranes and is important medically due to its potential to cause neoplasia.

HPV is divided into low-risk types, which cause warts, and high-risk types, which “can develop into cancer, in both men and women,” including cervical and throat cancer. Lesions are classified into five types: common, flat, plantar, genital warts, and malignant lesions. Types 16 and 18 are most associated with cancer.

Transmission occurs “primarily during sexual intercourse” but can also happen through skin-to-skin contact. The WHO estimates “approximately 80% of the population will come into contact with the virus” during their lives. Condoms reduce but don’t eliminate the risk.

Most infections show no symptoms and clear up naturally. “HPV infections often take months or even years to appear,” making timing hard to trace. Detection relies on PCR tests; Pap smears help identify infections in women. No approved test exists for men.

There’s no cure for HPV itself. Vaccines against types 16 and 18 can prevent most cancers. In pregnancy, infection rarely affects the baby, but cesarean sections may be advised to avoid transmission.